Keywords
digital skills
digital economy
highly qualified specialists
European Skills Index
How to Cite
Abstract
The article analyzes the state of skills mismatch problem and the development level of digital skills in EU countries. The development level of digital skills depends on the digital transformation of the economy, which creates not only socio-economic conditions, but also gives an impetus to mastering digital skills, essential both for career growth and for performance of basic actions according to new digital requirements. Therefore, mastering digital skills by employees will contribute to reduction of their qualification incompatibility. In the study, with the help of correlational analysis the impact of the quality indicators, characterizing digital conditions in the country, on the number of IT specialists was determined, who in turn improve these digital conditions and the degree of labor productivity. This relationship determines the demand for such employees in the labor market in the future. Indicators of digital conditions are positively correlated with the indices of skills development, skills activation and skills matching. The results of the research show that the indices of skills development and skills activation in the labor market depend on the number of employees who learned to use new software or computerized equipment at work. With the increase of employees with advanced qualifications, not only their level of development increases, but also their job opportunities. The qualification mismatch rate decreases with increasing rates of training and other education on skill development and the achievement of high digital skills. Overcoming the low level of wages and the high unemployment rate will foster the reduction of qualification mismatch. In order to summarize conclusions of statistical data analysis and correlational analysis, a cognitive model with the target factor "Qualification mismatch" was developed. The analysis showed that all factors of the system are destabilizing, thus, are ready to changes. The best-case scenario for reduction of skills mismatch is professional development with mastering digital skills.
References
СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ
L. Cultrera, B. Mahy, F. Rycx, G. Vermeylen, “Educational and skills mismatches: unravelling their effects on wages across Europe”, Education Economics, 30(6), pp. 561-573, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2022.2050995. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
B.W. Shanahan, J. Organ, “Harnessing the Benefits of Micro Credentials for Industry 4.0 and 5.0: Skills Training and Lifelong Learning”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(39), pp. 82–87, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.12.015. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
S. McGuinness, K. Pouliakas, P. Redmond, “Skills-displacing technological change and its impact on jobs: challenging technological alarmism?” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2021.1919517. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
N. Kracke, M. A. Rodrigues, “Task-Based Indicator for Labour Market Mismatch”. Soc Indic Res, 149, pp. 399–421 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02261-2. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
E.Karakolis, P.Kapsalis, S.Skalidakis, C.Kontzinos, P.Kokkinakos, O.Markaki, D.Askounis, “Bridging the Gap between Technological Education and Job Market Requirements through Data Analytics and Decision Support Services.” Applied Sciences, Switzerland, 12(14), 7139, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147139. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
R. Pater, H. Cherniaiev, M.A. Kozak, “A dream job? Skill demand and skill mismatch in ICT”, Journal of Education and Work, 35(6-7), pp. 641-665, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2022.2128187. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
L. Consearo, M. Topić, G. Lodorfos, “Economic Substantiality: Skills in the UK Labour Market”, (Ed.) The Sustainability Debate (Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability, Vol. 14), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 35-56. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-905920210000015003. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
A. Kucel, M. Vilalta-Bufí, “University Program Characteristics and Education-Job Mismatch,” The BE Journal Of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol. 19, num. 4. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2019-0083. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
A. Grigorescu, A.-M. Zamfir, H.T. Sigurdarson, E. Lazarczyk Carlson, “Skill Needs among European Workers in Knowledge Production and Transfer Occupations”, Electronics , 11(18), 2927; 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182927. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
O. Kekezi, R. Boschma, “Returns to migration after job loss — The importance of job match”, Environment and Planning A, 53(6), pp. 1565-1587, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X2110045. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
M. Cim, M. Kind, J. Kleibrink, “Occupational mismatch of immigrants in Europe: the role of education and cognitive skills”, Education Economics, 28(1), pp. 96-112, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2019.1677558. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
F. Ferrari, “Skills mismatch and change confidence: the impact of training on change recipients’ self-efficacy”, European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 47 No. 10, pp. 69-90. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-06-2021-0072. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
N. Obermayer, T. Csizmadia, Z. Banász, “Companies on Thin Ice Due to Digital Transformation: The Role of Digital Skills and Human Characteristics”, International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 11(3), pp. 88–118, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.10641. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
J.C. Lapierre, “People-led digital transformation: Future-proofing a legacy brand with purpose”, Journal of Brand Strategy, 10(3), pp. 203–213, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://hstalks.com/article/6771/people-led-digital-transformation-future-proofing-/?business&noaccess=1. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
A. Avram, M. Benvenuto, C.D. Avram, G. Gravili, “Assuring SME's sustainable competitiveness in the digital Era: A labor policy between guaranteed minimumwage and ICT skill mismatch”, Sustainability, Switzerland, 11(10), 2918, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102918. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
P. Ochoa Pacheco, D. Coello-Montecel, “Does psychological empowerment mediate the relationship between digital competencies and job performance? ” Computers in Human Behavior, 140, 107575, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107575. Дата звернення: Лют. 15, 2023.
А. В. Скрипник, Н. А. Клименко, І. С. Костенко, “Рівень освіченості населення в галузі цифрових технологій та зростання економік країн”, Інформаційні технології і засоби навчання, 78 (4), с. 278-297, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v78i4.2948. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
О. В. Овчарук, “Сучасні підходи до розвитку цифрової компетентності людини та цифрового громадянства в європейських країнах”, Інформаційні технології і засоби навчання, 76(2), с. 1-13, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v76i2.3526. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Ю. М. Богачков, М. Р. Мруга, В. М. Милашенко, П. С. Ухань, Я. А. Фельдман, “EURO SKILLS TOOLS как модель управления персональными компетентностями для обучения и профессиональной занятости”, Інформаційні технології і засоби навчання, 55 №5, с. 67-80, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v55i5.1443. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Л. Фейлер, “Политика и практика идентификации и предвидения потребностей в квалификациях в регионе Восточного партнерства - Межстрановой отчет”, KANTOR Management Consultants, Brussels, BE, Sep. 22, 2014. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: http://fedmet.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/11/HiQSTEP-cross-country-report-Helsinki.pdf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
World Economic Forum. “The Future of Jobs. Report 2020”, Oct. 2020. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
European Commission. “Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022”, Shaping Europe’s digital future. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
INSEAD. “The Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2022: The Tectonics of Talent: Is the World Drifting Towards Increased Talent Inequalities?”, Human Capital Leadership Institute, The Business School for the World, Portulans Institute, Fontainebleau, France, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.insead.edu/sites/default/files/assets/dept/fr/gtci/GTCI-2022-report.pdf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Employed ICT specialists – total, 2021. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKS_ITSPT/default/table?lang=en& category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_skslf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: Individuals' level of digital skills, 2021. Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_sk_dskl_i/default/table?lang=en. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
BHEF / BGT. “The New Foundational Skills of the Digital Economy”, The Business-Higher Education Forum, Burning Glass Technologies, USA, 2018. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.burning-glass.com/wp-content/uploads/New_Foundational_Skills.pdf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Cedefop. “European skills and jobs survey”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/european-skills-and-jobs-survey-esjs. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Employment by educational attainment level - annual data, 2021. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSI_EDUC_A/default/table?lang=en&category=labour.employ.lfsi.lfsi_emp. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Job vacancy statistics: Job vacancy statistics by NACE Rev. 2 activity - quarterly data (from 2001 onwards), 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/ view/jvs_q_nace2/default/table?lang=en. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Cedefop: Future job openings: Total future job openings in EU27 in 2020-2030 by type of demand. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/skills-intelligence/future-job-openings?country=EU27_2020&year=2020-2030#1. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Cedefop. “European skills and jobs survey”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/european-skills-and-jobs-survey-esjs. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
European Commission. “New report shows digital skills are required in all types of jobs. Shaping Europe’s digital future”. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/new-report-shows-digital-skills-are-required-all-types-jobs. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT specialists: ICT competence and demand for ICT skills in enterprises: Enterprises that employ ICT specialists by NACE Rev.2 activity, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKE_ITSPEN2/default/table?lang =en&category =isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_ske. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
BCG. “Future Skills Architect 2020”, The Boston Consulting Group. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/the.boston.consulting.group/viz/BCG-FutureSkillsArchitect2020/ FSAScores. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT training: Enterprises that provided training to develop/upgrade ICT skills of their personnel by NACE Rev.2, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKE_ITTN2/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_skt. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Cedefop. “Future qualification demand”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://skillspanorama.cedefop.europa.eu/en/dashboard/future-qualification-demand?country=EU27_2020&occupation=3#6. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Cedefop. “European Skills Index”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/ en/tools/european-skills-index Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT specialists: ICT specialists in employment: Employed ICT specialists by educational attainment level, 2021. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKS_ITSPE/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_skslf. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: ICT sector: Percentage of the ICT sector in GDP, 2019. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_BDE15AG/default/ table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_se. Дата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: ICT usage in households and by individuals: Connection to the internet and computer use: Level of internet access – households, 2022. [Електронний ресурс]. Доступно: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TIN00134/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_i.isoc_iciДата звернення: Січ. 09, 2023.
REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)
L. Cultrera, B. Mahy, F. Rycx, G. Vermeylen, “Educational and skills mismatches: unravelling their effects on wages across Europe”, Education Economics, 30(6), pp. 561-573, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2022.2050995. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
B.W. Shanahan, J. Organ, “Harnessing the Benefits of Micro Credentials for Industry 4.0 and 5.0: Skills Training and Lifelong Learning”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(39), pp. 82–87, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.12.015. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
S. McGuinness, K. Pouliakas, P. Redmond, “Skills-displacing technological change and its impact on jobs: challenging technological alarmism?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2021.1919517. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
N. Kracke, M. A. Rodrigues, “Task-Based Indicator for Labour Market Mismatch”, Soc Indic Res, 149, pp. 399–421 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02261-2. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
E. Karakolis, P. Kapsalis, S. Skalidakis, C. Kontzinos, P. Kokkinakos, O. Markaki, D. Askounis, “Bridging the Gap between Technological Education and Job Market Requirements through Data Analytics and Decision Support Services”, Applied Sciences, Switzerland, 12(14), 7139, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147139. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
R. Pater, H. Cherniaiev, M. A. Kozak, “A dream job? Skill demand and skill mismatch in ICT”, Journal of Education and Work, 35(6-7), pp. 641-665, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2022.2128187. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
L. Consearo, M. Topić, G. Lodorfos, “Economic Substantiality: Skills in the UK Labour Market”, (Ed.) The Sustainability Debate (Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability, Vol. 14), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 35-56. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-905920210000015003. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
A. Kucel, M. Vilalta-Bufí, “University Program Characteristics and Education-Job Mismatch,” The BE Journal Of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol. 19, num. 4. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2019-0083. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
A. Grigorescu, A.-M. Zamfir, H.T. Sigurdarson, E. Lazarczyk Carlson, “Skill Needs among European Workers in Knowledge Production and Transfer Occupations”, Electronics , 11(18), 2927; 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182927. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
O. Kekezi, R. Boschma, “Returns to migration after job loss — The importance of job match”, Environment and Planning A, 53(6), pp. 1565-1587, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X2110045. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
M. Cim, M. Kind, J. Kleibrink, “Occupational mismatch of immigrants in Europe: the role of education and cognitive skills”, Education Economics, 28(1), pp. 96-112, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2019.1677558. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
F. Ferrari, “Skills mismatch and change confidence: the impact of training on change recipients’ self-efficacy”, European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 47 No. 10, pp. 69-90. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-06-2021-0072. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
N. Obermayer, T. Csizmadia, Z. Banász, “Companies on Thin Ice Due to Digital Transformation: The Role of Digital Skills and Human Characteristics”, International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 11(3), pp. 88–118, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.10641. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
J. C. Lapierre, “People-led digital transformation: Future-proofing a legacy brand with purpose”, Journal of Brand Strategy, 10(3), pp. 203–213, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://hstalks.com/article/6771/people-led-digital-transformation-future-proofing-/?business&noaccess=1. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
A. Avram, M. Benvenuto, C.D. Avram, G. Gravili, “Assuring SME's sustainable competitiveness in the digital Era: A labor policy between guaranteed minimumwage and ICT skill mismatch”, Sustainability, Switzerland, 11(10), 2918, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102918. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
P. Ochoa Pacheco, D. Coello-Montecel, “Does psychological empowerment mediate the relationship between digital competencies and job performance? ” Computers in Human Behavior, 140, 107575, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107575. Accessed on: Feb. 15, 2023. (in English)
A. V. Skrypnyk, N. A. Klymenko, I. S. Kostenko, “The formation of digital competence for the population as a way to economic growth”, Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 78(4), pp. 278–297, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v78i4.2948. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in Ukrainian)
O. V. Ovcharuk, “Current approaches to the development of digital competence of human and digital citizenship in european countries”, Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 76(2), pp.1-13, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v76i2.3526. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in Ukrainian)
Yu. M. Bohachkov, M. R. Mruha, V. M. Mylashenko, P. S. Ukhan, Ya. A. Feldman, “EURO skills tools navigator as a management tool of a personal competence for training and employment”, Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 55(5), pp.67-80, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v55i5.1443. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in Russian)
L. Feiler, “Policy and practice of identification and forecasting of skills needs in the Eastern Partnership region - International report ”, KANTOR Management Consultants, Brussels, BE, Sep. 22, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://fedmet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/HiQSTEP-cross-country-report-Helsinki.pdf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in Russian)
World Economic Forum. “The Future of Jobs. Report 2020”, Oct. 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
European Commission. “Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022”, Shaping Europe’s digital future. [Online]. Available: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
INSEAD. “The Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2022: The Tectonics of Talent: Is the World Drifting Towards Increased Talent Inequalities?”, Human Capital Leadership Institute, The Business School for the World, Portulans Institute, Fontainebleau, France, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.insead.edu/sites/default/files/assets/dept/fr/gtci/GTCI-2022-report.pdf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Employed ICT specialists – total, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKS_ITSPT/default/table?lang=en& category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_skslf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: Individuals' level of digital skills, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_sk_dskl_i/default/table?lang=en. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
BHEF / BGT. “The New Foundational Skills of the Digital Economy”, The Business-Higher Education Forum, Burning Glass Technologies, USA, 2018. [Online] Available: https://www.burning-glass.com/wp-content/uploads/New_Foundational_Skills.pdf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Cedefop. “European skills and jobs survey”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Online]. Available: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/european-skills-and-jobs-survey-esjs. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Employment by educational attainment level - annual data, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSI_EDUC_A/default/table?lang=en&category=labour.employ.lfsi.lfsi_emp. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Job vacancy statistics: Job vacancy statistics by NACE Rev. 2 activity - quarterly data (from 2001 onwards), 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/jvs_q_nace2/ default/table?lang=en. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Cedefop: Future job openings: Total future job openings in EU27 in 2020-2030 by type of demand. [Online]. Available: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/skills-intelligence/future-job-openings?country=EU27_ 2020&year=2020-2030#1. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Cedefop. “European skills and jobs survey”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Online]. Available: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/european-skills-and-jobs-survey-esjs. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
European Commission. “New report shows digital skills are required in all types of jobs. Shaping Europe’s digital future”. [Online]. Available: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/new-report-shows-digital-skills-are-required-all-types-jobs. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT specialists: ICT competence and demand for ICT skills in enterprises: Enterprises that employ ICT specialists by NACE Rev.2 activity, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKE_ITSPEN2/default/table?lang =en&category =isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_ske. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
BCG. “Future Skills Architect 2020”, The Boston Consulting Group. [Online]. Available: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/the.boston.consulting.group/viz/BCG-FutureSkillsArchitect2020/ FSAScores. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT training: Enterprises that provided training to develop/upgrade ICT skills of their personnel by NACE Rev.2, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKE_ITTN2/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_skt. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Cedefop. “Future qualification demand”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training. [Online]. Available: https://skillspanorama.cedefop.europa.eu/en/dashboard/future-qualification-demand?country=EU27_2020&occupation=3#6. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Cedefop. “European Skills Index”, European Center for the Development of Vocational Training, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/ en/tools/european-skills-index Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: Digital skills: ICT specialists: ICT specialists in employment: Employed ICT specialists by educational attainment level, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_SKS_ITSPE/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_sk.isoc_sks.isoc_skslf. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: ICT sector: Percentage of the ICT sector in GDP, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_BDE15AG/default/table?lang= en&category=isoc.isoc_se. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
Eurostat: Digital economy and society: ICT usage in households and by individuals: Connection to the internet and computer use: Level of internet access – households, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TIN00134/default/table?lang=en&category=isoc.isoc_i.isoc_ici. Accessed on: Jan. 09, 2023. (in English)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Олена Іванівна Бондаренко